6. arch
[GK]=rule统治
在政治术语anarchy, monarch, monarchy和oligarch中，有个常用词根arch。它来自希腊名词arkhos，意为rule（统治）。在派生词中arch常作ruler（统治者）或government（政体）解。
anarchy [an-(a-)=no, without无；arch=rule治理；-y n.=the state表状态→“the state without rule or government缺乏治理，没有政府”→] n. absence of government or control无秩序；无政府状态：Any form of government is better than anarchy. 任何形式的政体都比无政府状态好。
▽anarchic [anarch(y);-ic a.] a.无政府主义的
anarchism [anarch(y);-ism a.] n.无政府主义
anarchist [anarch(y);-ist n.] n.无政府主义者
monarch [mon=one, alone单一；arch=ruler统治者→“only one ruler, or one who rules a country alone单独治理国家者”→] n. king of sovereign国王，君主：The monarch was ousted.国王被赶下台了。
▽monarchal [monarch;-al a.] a.国王的，君主的
monarchy [mon-=one, alone单一；arch=ruler统治者；-y n.=the state表状态→“the state or government of only one ruler单人统治的政体”→] n. government ruled by a monarch君主政体；君主国：China was once a monarchy.中国曾经是个君主国。
▽monarchic [monarch(y);-ic a.] a.君主制的；君主国的
monarchism [monarch(y);-ism n.] n.君主制度；君主主义
oligarch [olig-=few少，寡；arch=ruler统治者→“one of a few rulers少数统治者之一”→] n. member of an oligarchy寡头统治成员：finan-cial oligarch金融寡头
oligarchy [olig-=few少，寡；arch=ruler统治者；-y n.=the state表状态→“the state or government by a few rulers由少数人统治的政府”→] n. rule or government by a few, often for their own interests寡头政治；寡头统治的政府：Ancient Sparta was really an oligarchy.古斯巴达实际上是个寡头统治的国家。
▽oligarchic [oligarch(y);-ic a.] a.寡头政治的
polyarchy [poly-=many多；arch=ruler统治者；-y n.=the state表状态→“the state or government by many rulers多人的统治”→] n. rule or government by many heads多头政治
matriarch [matri=mother 母；arch=ruler 统治者→“a ruler who is a mother母权统治者”→] n. woman who rules a large family or tribe女家长；女族长：This tribe is still led by matriarchs.该部落依然以女族长为首。
▽matriarchal [matriarch;-al a.] a.女家长的；女族长的
matriarchy [matri=mother母；arch=rule统治；-y n.=the state表状态→“the state of rule by mothers 母权统治”→] n. social group or system ruled only by women母权制；母系氏族制：Many ancient societies were matriarchies.许多远古社会是母权制社会。
archives [arch=ruler统治者；-ive n.=thing物；-s 表复数→“documents belonging to rulers属于统治者的文件”→] n.① public records档案② place in which public records are stored档案室（馆）：the central archives of the state国家档案馆
▽archivist [archiv(es);-ist n.] n.档案保管员
archival [archiv(es);-al a.] a.关于档案的；在档案中的
arch还可以当前缀使用。arch-意思是chief（主要的）。
archenemy [arch-=chief主要的；enemy n.敌人→] n. chief enemy首敌；大敌
architect [arch-=thief首要的；-i-;tect=builder建筑者→“chief builder建筑者的首领”→] n. designer of buildings建筑设计师
▽architecture [architect;-ure n.] n.建筑学
architectonic [architect;-onic(-ic) a.] a.关于建筑的
练习6：
- [望文生义]根据已知词根的含义求出下列单词的含义。
已知：词根patri=father
求：patriarch
patriarchy
- [由此及彼]根据前面单词的含义推出后面单词的含义。
① trinenial a.三年一度的→triarchy n.
② bishop n.主教→archbishop n.
③ priest n.祭司→archpriest n.
- [寻根问底]指出下列单词的词根并领会其词义的由来。
① archon n.古雅典之执政者；统治者
② plutarchy n.富豪统治；富人政府（提示：plut=wealth）
③ diarchy n.两头政治（提示：di-=two）
④ archangel n.天使长；大天使
⑤ hierarch n.教主，主教
⑥ arch-criminal n.罪魁祸首
⑦ archfiend n.大恶魔
⑧ archipelago n.群岛（提示：pelago=sea）
⑨ architrave n. [建]柱顶过梁；门的头线条板（提示：trave=beam）